ABSTRACT
Liver is the most common organ involved in echinococcosis. Organs affected by E granulosus are the liver (63%), lungs (25%) and muscles (5%). Rest of the organs are rarely affected. Adrenal cysts are uncommon. Their size may range widely and the origin of large adrenal cysts is often difficult to distinguish from other organs, including the kidney, pancreas, spleen, and liver. A large right-sided adrenal cystic mass can rarely be mistaken for a hepatic cyst by imaging. In this report, authors have described an adrenal cyst in a 28 year old lady, who was diagnosed preoperatively to have a hepatic hydatid cyst but intraoperatively it was found to be of adrenal origin. The size of the adrenal cyst can vary from a few millimetres up to 50 cm in diameter. Majority of the adrenal cysts are unilateral, while 8-10% of those cysts have been noted to be present bilaterally. The majority of cases are diagnosed between the 3rd and 6th decades. Although uncommon, Adrenal cyst should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis of upper abdominal cysts. Surgical excision is advisable when the cysts are symptomatic, greater than 5 cm in diameter and in the case of suspecting malignancy.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of present study is to assess the attitude of general dental practioners towards use rotary instruments and hand instruments for root canal treatment. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted in the private clinics in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 400 clinics were visited and face to face interview schedule was conducted. Questionnaire consists of demographic details of dental professionals. Information regarding the years of experience, OPD details and number of root canal treatment done per week by dental professionals was obtained. Use of rotary and hand instruments by dental professionals was inquired. Years of experience with Rotary instruments, procedural problems with rotary instruments faced by dental professionals and reasons for not using the rotary instruments if any was also recorded. Results: 102 (33%) of the total study samples were using rotary instruments for root canal treatment and 100 (32%) using both rotary and hand instruments for root canal treatment. Dentists who are using rotary instruments are facing the procedural problem of file breakage {70 (36%)}. And those dental professionals using hand instruments are facing the problem of ledge formation {82(40%)}. Conclusions: The main procedural failure of the rotary instruments in root canal treatment, faced by dental professionals was file breakage and with hand instrument is ledge formation. Lack of expertise is the main reason which restricts dental professionals from using rotary instruments.
ABSTRACT
AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the external and internal anatomy of the mandibular premolars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 extracted human permanent mandibular first and second premolars teeth were collected. The length of the tooth from the cusp tip to root apex was measured with the help of Vernier calliper. In case of curved roots, ligature wire was adapted to the root and then straightened and measured. Each tooth was examined for the number of roots, curvature of root, presence of root canal invagination. India ink was injected into the pulp chamber through the access opening with a no.27 gauge needle mounted on a disposable syringe. The ink was then drawn through the root canal system by applying negative pressure to the apical end of tooth with the use of central suction system. RESULTS: The average (mean) length of mandibular first premolar was 22.25 mm. Average (mean) length of mandibular second premolar was 21.90 mm. Mandibular first premolar had a ribbon shaped root canal orifice in 35% of teeth. Mandibular second premolar had a ribbon shaped of root canal orifice in 44% teeth. Mesial invagination of the root was found in 18% of first and 8% second mandibular premolar teeth. 78% had a Type I canal pattern with Type II, Type IV, Type V, Type VI and Type VII canals being identified in 1%, 2%, 13%, 2% and 1% of the teeth respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complex root canal anatomy frequently found with mandibular premolars among which more common with mandibular first premolars in Indian population.